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1.
Rev. bras. med. fam. comunidade ; 18(45): 3482, 20230212.
Article in English, Portuguese | LILACS, ColecionaSUS | ID: biblio-1510608

ABSTRACT

Introdução: O tabagismo é definido como a dependência física e psicológica de tabaco, e o fumo passivo consiste na inalação da fumaça de derivados do tabaco por não fumantes. As crianças são especialmente vulneráveis à exposição à fumaça do tabaco. Objetivo: Identificar a associação entre fumo passivo domiciliar e morbidade respiratória em pré-escolares de seis a dez anos, por meio de coleta de dados na Atenção Primária à Saúde em Araguaína/TO. Métodos: Estudo de perfil descritivo, com corte transversal de caráter quantitativo, conduzido em três unidades básicas de saúde. Foi determinada uma amostra de 72 entrevistados, selecionados de forma aleatória em meio às unidades básicas. Os resultados foram colhidos de questionários respondidos por familiares ou responsáveis das crianças. Resultados: O teste de Odds Ratio (OR) obteve o resultado de 3,06, com intervalo de confiança de 95% ­ IC95% 1,16 ­ 8,11 e p<0,05, revelando assim a existência de correlação entre o desenvolvimento de doenças respiratórias e o fumo passivo domiciliar em crianças de seis a dez anos. A prevalência do tabagismo passivo domiciliar foi de 44,4%, expondo à fumaça do cigarro as crianças, que manifestam sintomas como tosse seca, chiado no peito, respiração rápida, dor e secreção no ouvido. Conclusões: Foi comprovada a associação entre tabagismo passivo domiciliar e morbidade respiratória entre crianças de seis a dez anos. Não se obteve a conexão entre o tabagismo passivo e o aumento do número de internações por causa respiratória.


Introduction: smoking is defined as the physical and psychological dependence of tobacco, passive smoke consists of inhaling the smoke and tobacco derivatives by non-smokers. Children are especially vulnerable to exposure to tobacco smoke. Objective: identify the association between passive smoking at home and respiratory tract morbidity in pre-school children from the age of 6 to 10 years old, utilizing data gathering in Primary Healthcare units from Araguaína ­ TO. Methods: cross-sectional descriptive research with quantitative character conducted within three Basic Healthcare Units. A sample comprised of 72 interviewed subjects was determined, selected in random fashion at the healthcare units. Results: The Odds Ratio test obtained the result of OR 3.06, with 95%CI 1.16­8.11 and p<0.05, thus evidencing the existence of a correlation between the development of respiratory diseases and the secondhand smoke in children aged 6 to 10 years. The prevalence of passive smoking at home was 44,4%, exposing, this way, the children to cigarette smoke, leading to the manifestation of symptoms such as dry cough, wheezing, fast breathing, pain, and auricular secretions. Conclusions: the association between passive smoking at home and respiratory tract morbidity in children from the age of 6 to 10 years old was proved. No connection between passive smoking and the increase of respiratory tract-related hospitalizations was obtained.


Introducción: El tabaquismo se define como la dependencia física y psicológica al tabaco, el humo de segunda mano consiste en la inhalación del humo del tabaco por parte de los no fumadores. Los niños son especialmente vulnerables a la exposición al humo del tabaco. Objetivo: Identificar la asociación entre el humo de segunda mano en el hogar y la morbilidad respiratoria en niños preescolares de 6 a 10 años, a través de la recolección de datos en la Atención Primaria de Salud en Araguaína-TO. Métodos: estudio descriptivo de perfil, de corte transversal cuantitativo, realizado en tres unidades básicas de salud. Se determinó una muestra de 72 entrevistados, seleccionados aleatoriamente entre las unidades básicas. Resultados: la prueba de Odds Ratio obtuvo el resultado de OR 3.06, con IC95% 1,16­8,11 y p<0,05, evidenciando así la existencia de una correlación entre el desarrollo de enfermedades respiratorias y el humo de segunda mano en niños de 6 a 10 años. La prevalencia de tabaquismo pasivo en el hogar fue del 44,4%, exponiendo así a los niños al humo del cigarrillo, manifestando síntomas como tos seca, sibilancias, respiración acelerada, dolor y secreción en el oído. Conclusiones: se comprobó la asociación entre el tabaquismo pasivo en el hogar y la morbilidad respiratoria en niños de 6 a 10 años. No hubo relación entre el tabaquismo pasivo y el aumento del número de hospitalizaciones por causas respiratorias.


Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Respiratory Tract Diseases , Tobacco Smoke Pollution , Child
2.
Physis (Rio J.) ; 33: e33SP103, 2023. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1521329

ABSTRACT

Resumo Introdução: Os produtos de tabaco aquecido (HTP) têm ganhado popularidade nos últimos anos. No entanto, tem-se questionado sobre os danos que provocam na saúde, em especial aos impactos decorrentes da exposição a suas emissões. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar o impacto do uso de HTPs em ambientes internos/fechados na qualidade do ar e/ou na saúde das pessoas expostas passivamente, por meio de uma revisão sistemática de estudos originais. Métodos: Realizou-se busca bibliográfica nas bases de dados Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval Sistem (MEDLINE), Excerpta Medica Database (EMBASE), Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS) e SCOPUS. As etapas de seleção, extração dos dados e avaliação do risco de viés dos estudos foi realizada em dupla, de forma independente, e as divergências foram resolvidas por consenso. Resultados: Foram selecionados 21 estudos, incluídos nesta revisão. Os resultados indicam que os produtos de tabaco aquecido são fonte de poluição ambiental decorrente da emissão de material particulado. Conclusão: Os produtos de tabaco aquecido produzem emissões que podem expor as pessoas às substâncias tóxicas emitidas no ambiente fechado, assim como outros produtos de tabaco.


Abstract Introduction: Heated tobacco products (HTP) have gained popularity in recent years. However, questions have been raised about the damage they cause to health, especially the impacts resulting from exposure to their emissions. This study aims to evaluate the impact of the use of HTPs indoors on air quality and/or the health of passively exposed people, through a systematic review of original studies. Methods: A bibliographic search was carried out in the Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System (MEDLINE), Excerpta Medica Database (EMBASE), Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences (LILACS) and SCOPUS databases. Results: 21 studies were selected and included in this review. The results indicate that heated tobacco products are a source of environmental pollution due to the emission of particulate matter. The stages of selection, data extraction and risk of bias assessment of the studies were performed in pairs, independently, and disagreements were resolved by consensus. Conclusion: Heated tobacco products produce emissions that can expose people to toxic substances emitted indoors, just like other tobacco products.

3.
Chinese Journal of School Health ; (12): 1493-1496, 2023.
Article in Chinese | WPRIM | ID: wpr-997210

ABSTRACT

Objective@#To examine the association between secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure in indoor public places and sleep deprivation, so as to provide a reference for strengthening the management of a smoking ban in public places and to promote better sleep in childhood.@*Methods@#Data were obtained from the second follow up survey of the Huantai Childhood Cardiovascular Health Cohort Study, which was conducted from November to December 2021. A total of 1 284 children aged 10-15 years old were included in the study. The participants were assigned to four groups (0, 1-2, 3-4 and ≥5 days) according to the frequency which they were exposed to SHS in indoor public places in the previous 7 days. Multiple linear regression was performed to examine the trend of children s sleep duration with the frequency of SHS exposure. Multivariate Logistic regression was carried out to determine the association between frequency of SHS and sleep deprivation.@*Results@#After adjusting for age, sex, grade, physical activity, intake of fruits/vegetables, intake of soft drinks, screen duration, body mass index (BMI) and blood pressure, the average sleep duration of children who were exposed to SHS for 0, 1-2, 3-4 and ≥5 days in the previous 7 days was 8.48, 8.41, 8.20 and 8.06 h/d , respectively, and the average sleep duration decreased with exposure frequency of SHS ( t=5.96, 5.89, 5.91, P < 0.01 ). The proportion of sleep deprivation among children who were exposed to SHS in public places for 0, 1-2, 3-4 and ≥5 days in the previous 7 days was 40.02%, 43.07%, 54.65% and 63.41%, respectively. Compared to children who were not exposed to SHS in indoor public places in the past 7 days, those exposed for 3-4 days ( OR=1.93, 95%CI =1.19-3.15) or ≥ 5 days ( OR=2.95, 95%CI = 1.76- 4.94) had a significantly increased risk of sleep deprivation ( P <0.05).@*Conclusion@#Children s sleep time decreases with increasing frequency of exposure to SHS, and children who are frequently exposed to SHS are more likely to experience insufficient sleep. Smoking ban management in public places should be strengthened to promote children s sleep health, especially indoor public places.

4.
Chinese Journal of School Health ; (12): 1450-1453, 2023.
Article in Chinese | WPRIM | ID: wpr-997174

ABSTRACT

Objective@#To examine the association between secondhand smoke exposure (SHS) in indoor public places and carotid intima media thickness (cIMT) in children and adolescents, so as to provide guidance for the prevention of early abnormal vascular architecture.@*Methods@#The data were obtained from the second follow up of the Children Cardiovascular Health Cohort Study conducted from November to December 2021. A total of 1 297 children and adolescents for who completed data relating to sex, age, cIMT, physical examinations, questionnaires variables and blood biochemical indices, were included for analysis. Linear regression analysis was performed to examine trends in the levels of cIMT with exposure to SHS in indoor public places. Multiple linear regression analysis was carried out to assess the association between SHS exposure in indoor public places and cIMT after adjustment for potential covariates.@*Results@#During the previous 7 days, 407 (31.4%) children and adolescents were exposed to SHS in indoor public places for 1-2 days, 86 (6.6%) for 3-4 days, and 82 (6.3%) for ≥5 days. The levels of cIMT in youth increased on different models, with the duration of SHS exposure during the previous 7 days ( t=3.30, 3.05, 2.87, P <0.05). After adjusting for various covariates, the cIMT values of children and adolescents were[0 day:(551.5±29.3) μm, 1-2 days:(554.0±28.6) μm, 3-4 days:(557.0±27.7) μm, ≥5 days:(559.4±27.5) μm]. Compared to those who were not exposed to SHS in indoor public places during the previous 7 days, those exposed for ≥5 days had significantly higher cIMT levels ( β=7.91, 95%CI=1.47-14.34, P <0.05).@*Conclusion@#Among children and adolescents, exposure to SHS in indoor public places remains high and is significantly associated with cIMT. The findings highlight the need for stricter regulation and tobacco control policies to provide healthy smoke free environments for children and adolescents, and to reduce the risk of early abnormal vascular architecture.

5.
Med. UIS ; 35(2): e401, mayo-ago. 2022. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1422046

ABSTRACT

Resumen Los cigarrillos electrónicos sustituyeron el tabaco del cigarrillo convencional por un e-liquid compuesto por varios compuestos orgánicos; estos entraron al mercado sin mayores pruebas toxicológicas preclínicas o ensayos de seguridad a nivel mundial, generando un gran número de personas expuestas al aerosol de segunda mano, en quienes los posibles riesgos aún no han sido dilucidados. El objetivo de esta revisión es identificar los riesgos para la salud de personas expuestas al aerosol de segunda mano de cigarrillos electrónicos. La búsqueda bibliográfica realizó una revisión en las bases de datos PubMed, Scielo y EBSCO, incluyendo estudios realizados en humanos, animales e in vitro. Los principales hallazgos fueron exacerbaciones de asma, enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica, efectos proinflamatorios, estrés oxidativo y ansiedad. La evidencia encontró efectos adversos en personas expuestas al aerosol de segunda mano del cigarrillo electrónico; se destacan exacerbaciones de asma, neumonitis por hipersensibilidad, inflamación y estrés oxidativo.


Abstract Electronic cigarettes replaced the tobacco leaf in conventional cigarettes with an e-liquid composed of multiple organic compounds; these entered the market without major preclinical toxicological tests or safety trials worldwide. Generating a large number of people exposed to second-hand aerosol, to whom the possible risks have not yet been elucidated. The objective of this review was to identify the health risks of people exposed to second-hand aerosol from electronic cigarettes. The review was carried out using PubMed, Scielo and EBSCO databases, including studies carried out in humans, animals and invitro. The main findings were exacerbations of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pro-inflammatory effects, oxidative stress and anxiety. Evidence found adverse effects in people exposed to second-hand aerosol from electronic cigarettes; highlighting exacerbations of asthma, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, inflammation and oxidative stress.

6.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 80(6): 557-562, June 2022. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1393969

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Background Smoking has been considered to be a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, cancer, depression and other diseases in previous reports, and active smoking is considered to be a risk factor for hemorrhagic stroke. In addition, a retrospective study showed that male smokers were at increased risk of bleeding from arteriovenous malformation (AVM), compared with non-smokers. However, the effect of passive smoking on rupturing of cerebral AVM in non-smoking women has not been addressed. Objective This study aimed to assess the impact of tobacco exposure on AVM bleeding risk in non-smoking women. Methods A total of 393 non-smoking women diagnosed with AVM were included. They were divided into a bleeding group (205 women) and a non-bleeding group (188 women). We conducted univariate and multivariate analysis on these two groups. In univariate analysis, risk factors that might be related to AVM bleeding were analyzed. In multivariate analysis, the relationship between passive smoking and AVM rupture was analyzed by correcting confounding factors. Results Multivariate analysis showed that the proportion of passive smoking was statistically different between the bleeding group and the non-bleeding group (OR = 1.609; CI = 1.031-2.509; p = 0.036). Conclusion Passive smoking may increase the risk of AVM bleeding in non-smoking women. This increased risk may be related to the inflammatory response, vascular wall damage, hemodynamic disorders, changes in atherosclerosis and changes in gene expression caused by passive smoking.


RESUMO Antecedentes O tabagismo tem sido considerado fator de risco para doenças cardiovasculares, câncer, depressão e outras doenças em relatos anteriores, e o tabagismo ativo é considerado fator de risco para acidente vascular cerebral hemorrágico. Além disso, um estudo retrospectivo mostrou que os fumantes do sexo masculino apresentavam risco aumentado de sangramento por malformação arteriovenosa (MAV), em comparação com os não fumantes. No entanto, o efeito do tabagismo passivo na ruptura da MAV cerebral em mulheres não fumantes não foi abordado. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o impacto da exposição ao tabaco no risco de sangramento de MAV em mulheres não fumantes. Métodos Foram incluídas 393 mulheres não fumantes diagnosticadas com MAV. Elas foram divididas em um grupo com sangramento (205 mulheres) e um grupo sem sangramento (188 mulheres). Realizamos análise univariada e multivariada nesses dois grupos. Na análise univariada, foram analisados ​​os fatores de risco que podem estar relacionados ao sangramento de MAV. Na análise multivariada, a relação entre tabagismo passivo e ruptura de MAV foi analisada por meio da correção de fatores de confusão. Resultados A análise multivariada mostrou que a proporção de tabagismo passivo foi estatisticamente diferente entre o grupo com sangramento e o grupo sem sangramento (OR = 1,609; IC = 1,031-2,509; p = 0,036). Conclusão O tabagismo passivo pode aumentar o risco de sangramento de MAV em mulheres não fumantes. Esse risco aumentado pode estar relacionado à resposta inflamatória, danos na parede vascular, distúrbios hemodinâmicos, alterações na aterosclerose e alterações na expressão gênica causadas pelo tabagismo passivo.

7.
Einstein (Säo Paulo) ; 20: eAO0011, 2022. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1384790

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Objective To determine whether passive smoking causes morphological and structural changes in the arcuate arteries of rats exposed for 7 to 28 days. Methods Wistar rats aged eight weeks and weighing 260g on average were allocated to a Control or a Smoker Group. Groups were further divided into 4 groups containing 5 animals each. Morphological-functional analysis of the right kidneys was carried out after 7 and 28 days of exposure to the smoke of 40 cigarettes per day. Cigarettes were burned at set times using automated cigarette-burning equipment ("Smoking Machine" - SM-MC-01). At the end of each exposure period, the kidneys were dissected and submitted to histological processing for morphological and quantitative analysis. Results Exposure to cigarette smoke for 7 days led to a decrease in inner vascular diameter. Decreased thickness of the vascular tunica media was observed after exposure for 28 days. Increased thickness of the tunica adventitia, increased total vascular wall thickness, increased total vascular diameter and qualitative increase in collagen deposition were observed. Vascular volume increased after 28 days of exposure. Conclusion Passive smoking has a negative impact on renal vasculature.

8.
Cad. Saúde Pública (Online) ; 38(supl.1): e00107421, 2022. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1374864

ABSTRACT

Estimates suggest that exposure to environmental tobacco smoke is related to 1.2 million deaths per year worldwide. Synergy between various anti-smoking legislative and educational measures is essential to stimulate cessation and prevent initiation. This article aimed to explore how legislative protection from exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in enclosed workplaces in Brazil, whose strengthening occurred in a phased manner between 1996 and 2014, possibly contributed to the protection from passive smoking at home. We evaluated, via generalized linear models, the absolute and relative differences in the proportion of individuals living in smoke-free homes between those exposed and not exposed to passive smoking in enclosed workplaces, both crude and adjusted by sociodemographic and smoking behavior variables, and stratified by non-smokers and smokers. Data from three national surveys conducted in 2008, 2013, and 2019 were used. Regardless of smoking status and year when the data were analyzed, individuals who were employed in smoke-free workplaces were more likely to live in smoke-free homes than smokers who were employed in workplaces that allowed smoking. Adjusted absolute difference increased from +5.5% in 2008 to +10.5% in 2013 among non-smokers, and from +7.1% in 2013 to 15.6% in 2019 among smokers (p-values for additive interaction ≤ 0.05). Strengthening the Brazilian smoke-free legislation was likely associated with a reduction in passive smoking at home, which, therefore, may also reduce the burden of mortality, morbidity, and costs for society related to smoking.


Estima-se que a exposição à fumaça ambiental de tabaco esteja relacionada a 1,2 milhão de mortes por ano no mundo. A sinergia das diversas medidas antitabaco, tanto legislativas quanto educativas, é essencial para estimular a cessação e prevenir a iniciação do tabagismo. O artigo tem como objetivo explorar a possível contribuição da proteção legislativa contra a exposição à fumaça ambiental de tabaco nos locais fechados de trabalho no Brasil, cujo fortalecimento ocorreu por fases entre 1996 e 2014, para a proteção contra o tabagismo passivo em casa. Foram utilizados modelos lineares generalizados para avaliar as diferenças absolutas e relativas na proporção de brasileiros que vivem em domicílios sem fumaça ambiental de tabaco, entre aqueles expostos e não expostos ao tabagismo passivo em locais de trabalho fechados, brutas e ajustadas por variáveis sociodemográficas e de comportamento de tabagismo, estratificadas entre fumantes e não fumantes. Foram usados os dados de três inquéritos nacionais, realizados em 2008, 2013 e 2019. Independentemente de condição de tabagista e do ano de análise, os indivíduos empregados em locais de trabalho livres de tabaco apresentaram maior probabilidade de residir em domicílios livres de tabaco, comparado com aqueles que trabalhavam em locais onde fumar era permitido. A diferença absoluta ajustada aumentou de +5,5% em 2008 para +10,5% em 2013 entre não fumantes, e de +7,1% em 2013 para +15,6% em 2019 entre fumantes (valores de p de interação aditiva ≤ 0,05). É provável que o fortalecimento da legislação antitabaco no Brasil esteve associado a uma redução no tabagismo passivo em casa, o que, portanto, pode reduzir a carga de morbimortalidade e de custos para a sociedade, relacionados ao tabagismo.


Se estimó que la exposición al humo del tabaco ambiental está relacionada con 1,2 millones de muertes por año en todo el mundo. La sinergia de varias medidas antitabaco legislativas y educacionales es esencial para estimular dejar de fumar y prevenir comenzar a fumar. La propuesta de este artículo fue explorar la posible contribución de la protección legislativa ante la exposición al humo del tabaco ambiental en lugares de trabajo cerrados en Brasil, cuyo afianzamiento se produjo de manera gradual entre 1996 y 2014, para la protección de los fumadores pasivos en casa. Se utilizaran modelos lineales generalizados para evaluar las diferencias absolutas y relativas en la proporción de individuos que viven en hogares libres de humos, entre quienes estaban expuestos y no expuestos como fumadores pasivos en lugares de trabajo cerrados, crudas y ajustadas por variables sociodemográficas y comportamiento de fumador, y estratificadas por no fumadores y fumadores. Se usaron los datos de las tres encuestas nacionales llevadas a cabo en 2008, 2013 y 2019. Independientemente del estatus del consumo de tabaco y el año de análisis, los individuos que fueron empleados en un lugar de trabajo libre de humos tenían más probabilidades de vivir en un hogar libre de humos en comparación con los fumadores que trabajaban en donde se fumaba. La diferencia ajustada absoluta aumentó del +5,5% en 2008 al +10,5% en 2013 entre no fumadores, y del +7,1% en 2013 al +15,6% en 2019 entre fumadores (valores de p de interacción aditiva ≤ 0,05). El fortalecimiento de la legislación antitabaco en Brasil estuvo presumiblemente asociado con una reducción con los fumadores pasivos en el hogar, y, por consiguiente, podría también reducir la carga de mortalidad, morbilidad y costes para la sociedad en relación con el tabaquismo.


Subject(s)
Humans , Tobacco Smoke Pollution/prevention & control , Smoke-Free Policy , Tobacco , Brazil/epidemiology , Smoking , Workplace
9.
Rev. panam. salud pública ; 46: e103, 2022. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1450263

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Almost 20 years after the launching by the Pan American Health Organization of its "Smoke-Free Americas" initiative in 2001, in December 2020, South America became the first subregion in the Americas to accomplish 100% smoke-free environments in line with Article 8 of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC). Some of these countries adopted legal measures that are more robust than others, including in their laws specific outdoor places in the smoking ban (like Argentina and Uruguay) and/or novel nicotine and tobacco products under their scope (like Ecuador and Paraguay). The 10 countries took different paths to adopt this public health measure, either through executive or legislative measures or a combination of both. A few countries, like Argentina, Brazil, and Venezuela, started at the subnational level and then moved on to the national level, similar to the rest of the countries. For achieving this milestone, an adequate context was crucial: the broad ratification of the FCTC and the relevance given to the human right to health, civil society efforts, commitments made by intergovernmental bodies, media and communication strategies, and the development of scientific evidence. Countries faced obstacles, including the well-known interference of the tobacco industry, which among other strategies used litigation; however, courts and judges upheld comprehensive legal measures on smoke-free environments. The process by which South America achieved this milestone represents a role model for other subregions of the Americas and the world.


RESUMEN Casi 20 años después del lanzamiento de la iniciativa "América libre de humo" de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud en el año 2001, en diciembre del 2020, América del Sur se convirtió en la primera subregión de la Región de las Américas en lograr que 100% de los entornos sean libres de humo, en consonancia con el Artículo 8 del Convenio Marco para el Control del Tabaco de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (CMCT). Algunos de países de la subregión adoptaron medidas legales más sólidas e incluyeron en su legislación la prohibición de fumar en lugares al aire libre concretos (como Argentina y Uruguay) o de introducir nuevos productos de nicotina y tabaco en su alcance jurídico (como Ecuador y Paraguay). Los diez países tomaron diferentes caminos para adoptar esta medida de salud pública, ya fuera mediante disposiciones ejecutivas, legislativas o una combinación de ambas. Algunos países, como Argentina, Brasil y Venezuela, empezaron a nivel subnacional y luego, de un modo similar al del resto de países, pasaron al nivel nacional. Para lograr este hito fue crucial un contexto adecuado: una amplia ratificación del CMCT y la relevancia dada al derecho humano a la salud, los esfuerzos de la sociedad civil, los compromisos asumidos por los órganos intergubernamentales, los medios y las estrategias de comunicación, y el progreso de la evidencia científica. Los países se enfrentaron a obstáculos, entre ellos la conocida interferencia de la industria tabacalera, que entre otras estrategias empleó el uso de litigios; sin embargo, distintos tribunales y jueces respaldaron medidas legales integrales de ambientes libres de humo de tabaco. El proceso mediante el cual América del Sur ha logrado este objetivo representa un modelo a seguir para otras subregiones de las Región de las Américas y el mundo.


RESUMO Em dezembro de 2020, quase 20 anos depois do lançamento da iniciativa "Américas sem Fumo" pela Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde, em 2001, a América do Sul tornou-se a primeira sub-região das Américas a alcançar ambientes 100% livres de fumaça de tabaco, em conformidade com o Artigo 8 da Convenção-Quadro para o Controle do Tabaco da Organização Mundial da Saúde (CQCT). Alguns desses países adotaram medidas legais mais robustas que outros, com a inclusão da proibição de fumar em determinados locais ao ar livre (como Argentina e Uruguai) e/ou de novos produtos de nicotina e tabaco no escopo de suas leis (como Equador e Paraguai). Os dez países seguiram caminhos diferentes ao adotarem essa medida de saúde pública, por meio de medidas executivas ou legislativas ou ainda por uma combinação de ambas. Alguns países, como Argentina, Brasil e Venezuela, começaram no âmbito subnacional e depois passaram ao âmbito nacional, de maneira semelhante aos demais países. Para alcançar esse marco, foi crucial ter um contexto adequado: a ampla ratificação da CQCT, bem como a importância dada ao direito humano à saúde, os esforços da sociedade civil, os compromissos assumidos por organismos intergovernamentais, as estratégias de mídia e comunicação e o desenvolvimento de evidências científicas. Os países enfrentaram obstáculos, incluindo a conhecida interferência da indústria do tabaco, que, entre outras estratégias, recorreu ao litígio; entretanto, os tribunais e juízes mantiveram medidas legais abrangentes sobre ambientes livres de fumo. O processo pelo qual a América do Sul alcançou esse marco constitui um exemplo para outras sub-regiões das Américas e para o mundo.

10.
Chinese Journal of School Health ; (12): 1156-1160, 2022.
Article in Chinese | WPRIM | ID: wpr-940071

ABSTRACT

Objective@#To understand the exposure to second hand smoking (SHS) and associated factors among middle school students in Beijing, and to provide data support for tobacco control.@*Methods@#The two stage stratified cluster random sampling method were used to select 10 532 students from 370 classes in 48 junior middle schools, 34 senior high schools and 14 vocational high schools in 16 districts of Beijing. The national unified paper questionnaire was used to collect the information.@*Results@#During the past 7 days, 71.5% (95% CI =70.2%-72.7%) of students reported exposure to SHS. The proportion of exposure was highest (60.3%) in outdoor public places, followed by indoor public places (48.9%), at home (34.1%), and public transport (19.1%). About 31.6% of students reported people smoking in the campus in the past 30 days. Risk factors of SHS exposure included one or more parents was smoker( OR =2.62), friends who smoked( OR =2.13), received education on tobacco hazards in school( OR = 0.74 ), and senior high school( OR =0.68-0.73)( P <0.05).@*Conclusion@#High exposure to second hand smoking among middle school students in Beijing is common. Implementation of the regulations and the publicity of tobacco hazards and tobacco control in schools should be strengthened. Smoke free household should be advocated, and middle school students, especially junior middle school students, should be protected from the harm of SHS.

11.
Chinese Journal of Perinatal Medicine ; (12): 844-851, 2022.
Article in Chinese | WPRIM | ID: wpr-958150

ABSTRACT

Objective:To assess the association between maternal smoking, passive exposure to smoking, or paternal smoking in the first trimester and the risk of congenital heart disease (CHD) in offspring.Methods:A meta-analysis was performed on selected case-control studies on parents in the first trimester and CHD involving CHD patients regardless of age or ethnicity, after searching PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, CNKI, WanFang Data, and China Biology Medicine up to April 2021. The main outcome was CHD confirmed by cardiac ultrasound or cardiac surgery and the quality of included studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (≥4 scores). Statistical analysis was carried out using RevMan5.4 software and heterogeneity was determined by Q test combined with I 2 test. In accordance with the heterogeneity test results, the appropriate model (random or fixed) was selected. Subgroup analysis was performed according to the subtype of CHD. Potential publication bias was assessed by funnel plots. Results:A total of 35 studies involving 38 125 subjects were included. The pooled results showed that the risk of CHD in offspring born to mothers who were active or passive smokers in the first trimester was 1.20 ( OR=1.20, 95% CI:1.15-1.26, Z=8.15, P<0.001, I 2=35%) and 1.95 times ( OR=1.95, 95% CI:1.70-2.24, Z=9.52, P<0.001, I 2= 69%) that of non-smoking mothers. The risk of CHD in offspring of fathers who smoked in the first trimester was 1.88 times higher than that of non-smoking parents ( OR=1.88, 95% CI:1.49-2.36, Z=5.39, P<0.001, I 2= 69%). Subgroup analysis indicated an association between active maternal smoking in the first trimester and an increased risk of atrial septal defect ( OR=1.41, 95% CI:1.03-1.92, P=0.030, I 2= 71%) as well as between maternal passive smoking and increased risk of atrioventricular septal defect ( OR=1.76, 95% CI:1.37-2.26, P<0.001, I 2= 11%). Conclusion:Maternal and paternal smoking in the first trimester may both increase the risk of CHD in offspring.

12.
Saude e pesqui. (Impr.) ; 14(2): 361-368, abr-jun 2021.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1291100

ABSTRACT

Analisar a associação entre o fumo passivo e o consumo de álcool e drogas ilícitas entre adolescentes. Estudo epidemiológico, descritivo, com abordagem quantitativa e abrangência estadual, em uma amostra de 6.264 adolescentes, captados por amostragem aleatória por conglomerados. Os dados foram recolhidos por meio do Global School-Based Student Health Survey. O teste do Qui-quadrado de Pearson (x²) e a regressão logística binária foram utilizados nas análises dos dados. Observou-se exposição significante ao fumo passivo (70,7%), e identificou-se que a exposição ao fumo passivo esteve associado com o consumo de álcool (OR = 2,04; IC 95%: 1,72 2,42) e drogas ilícitas (OR = 4,33; IC 95%: 2,72 6,90), mesmo entre aqueles adolescentes que não fumam e seus pais não fumam e independentemente do sexo, idade e escolaridade materna. O fumo passivo esteve associado ao consumo de álcool e drogas ilícitas pelos adolescentes, excluindo uso de cigarro por parte dos jovens e dos seus pais


To analyze an association between secondhand smoke and alcohol and illicit drug use among adolescents. Epidemiological, descriptive study, with a quantitative approach and state coverage, in a sample of 6,264 adolescents, captured by random sampling by clusters. Data were collected using the Global School-Based Student Health Survey. Pearson's chi-square test (x²) and binary logistic regression were used in the data analysis. There was a significant exposed to secondhand smoke (70.7%). In addition, it was found that exposure to secondhand smoke was associated with alcohol consumption (OR = 2.04; 95% CI: 1.72 2.42) and illicit drugs (OR = 4.33; 95% CI: 2.72 6.90), even among those adolescents who do not smoke and their parents do not smoke and regardless of gender, age and maternal education. Passive smoking was associated with alcohol and illicit drug use by adolescents, excluding the use of cigarettes by young people and their parents

13.
Rev. bras. enferm ; 74(supl.4): e20200804, 2021. tab
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS, BDENF | ID: biblio-1280003

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the association between individual characteristics and housing context with smoking and alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Methods: a cross-sectional study with a probabilistic sample of 3,580 pregnant women who underwent prenatal care in the Unified Health System in 2019. The outcomes were firsthand, secondhand smoke and alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Individual characteristics and the living environment were used as exploratory variables. Results: living in a neighborhood with episodes of violence, without social cohesion and without urban elements that encourage physical activity was associated with smoking. Alcohol consumption during pregnancy was associated with living in environments that do not encourage physical activity. Smoking was also associated with lower income and education. Conclusions: individual characteristics and the living environment are associated with smoking, secondhand smoke and alcohol consumption during pregnancy.


RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar la asociación entre características individuales y contexto habitacional con el tabaquismo y el consumo de alcohol durante el embarazo. Métodos: estudio transversal con una muestra probabilística de 3580 gestantes que se sometieron a atención prenatal en el Sistema Único de Salud en 2019.Los resultados fueron tabaquismo activo, pasivo y consumo de bebidas alcohólicas durante el embarazo. Las características individuales y el entorno de vida se utilizaron como variables exploratorias. Resultados: vivir en un barrio con episodios de violencia, sin cohesión social y sin elementos urbanos que incentiven la actividad física se asoció con el tabaquismo. El consumo de bebidas alcohólicas durante el embarazo se asoció con vivir en ambientes que no estimulan la actividad física. El tabaquismo también se asoció con menores ingresos y educación. Conclusiones: las características individuales y el entorno de vida se asocian con el tabaquismo, el tabaquismo pasivo y el consumo de alcohol durante el embarazo.


RESUMO Objetivo: analisar a associação entre características individuais e contexto de moradia ao tabagismo e consumo de bebidas alcoólicas durante a gestação. Métodos: estudo transversal, com amostra probabilística de 3.580 gestantes que realizaram pré-natal no Sistema Único de Saúde em 2019. Os desfechos foram fumo ativo, passivo e consumo de bebidas alcoólicas durante a gestação. Utilizaram-se como variáveis exploratórias características individuais e do ambiente de moradia. Resultados: Residir em vizinhança com episódios de violência, sem coesão social e sem elementos urbanos que estimulem atividade física esteve associado com o fumo. O consumo de bebidas alcoólicas durante a gravidez esteve associado com residir em ambientes que não estimulam a atividade física. O fumo também foi associado com renda e escolaridade mais baixas. Conclusão: características individuais e do ambiente de moradia estão associadas ao tabagismo, fumo passivo e ingestão de bebidas alcoólicas durante a gestação.

14.
Rev. bras. enferm ; 74(supl.4): e20200804, 2021. tab
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS, BDENF | ID: biblio-1280011

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the association between individual characteristics and housing context with smoking and alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Methods: a cross-sectional study with a probabilistic sample of 3,580 pregnant women who underwent prenatal care in the Unified Health System in 2019. The outcomes were firsthand, secondhand smoke and alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Individual characteristics and the living environment were used as exploratory variables. Results: living in a neighborhood with episodes of violence, without social cohesion and without urban elements that encourage physical activity was associated with smoking. Alcohol consumption during pregnancy was associated with living in environments that do not encourage physical activity. Smoking was also associated with lower income and education. Conclusions: individual characteristics and the living environment are associated with smoking, secondhand smoke and alcohol consumption during pregnancy.


RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar la asociación entre características individuales y contexto habitacional con el tabaquismo y el consumo de alcohol durante el embarazo. Métodos: estudio transversal con una muestra probabilística de 3580 gestantes que se sometieron a atención prenatal en el Sistema Único de Salud en 2019.Los resultados fueron tabaquismo activo, pasivo y consumo de bebidas alcohólicas durante el embarazo. Las características individuales y el entorno de vida se utilizaron como variables exploratorias. Resultados: vivir en un barrio con episodios de violencia, sin cohesión social y sin elementos urbanos que incentiven la actividad física se asoció con el tabaquismo. El consumo de bebidas alcohólicas durante el embarazo se asoció con vivir en ambientes que no estimulan la actividad física. El tabaquismo también se asoció con menores ingresos y educación. Conclusiones: las características individuales y el entorno de vida se asocian con el tabaquismo, el tabaquismo pasivo y el consumo de alcohol durante el embarazo.


RESUMO Objetivo: analisar a associação entre características individuais e contexto de moradia ao tabagismo e consumo de bebidas alcoólicas durante a gestação. Métodos: estudo transversal, com amostra probabilística de 3.580 gestantes que realizaram pré-natal no Sistema Único de Saúde em 2019. Os desfechos foram fumo ativo, passivo e consumo de bebidas alcoólicas durante a gestação. Utilizaram-se como variáveis exploratórias características individuais e do ambiente de moradia. Resultados: Residir em vizinhança com episódios de violência, sem coesão social e sem elementos urbanos que estimulem atividade física esteve associado com o fumo. O consumo de bebidas alcoólicas durante a gravidez esteve associado com residir em ambientes que não estimulam a atividade física. O fumo também foi associado com renda e escolaridade mais baixas. Conclusão: características individuais e do ambiente de moradia estão associadas ao tabagismo, fumo passivo e ingestão de bebidas alcoólicas durante a gestação.

15.
Einstein (Säo Paulo) ; 19: eAO6000, 2021. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1345968

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze whether passive inhalation of cigarette smoke causes morphological, structural, and functional changes in kidneys of rats. Methods Wistar rats, aged eight weeks, weighing on average 260g, were divided into Control Group and Smoking Group. Each group was subdivided into four groups of ten animals for morphofunctional analysis, in a period of seven and 28 days. The Smoking Group was exposed to smoke of 40 cigarettes per day, at certain times and in automated equipment for cigarette burning, called smoking machine (SM-MC-01). After the exposure period, urine and blood samples were collected for the functional analyses, and the kidneys were dissected and submitted to histological procedures for morphoquantitative analyses. Results After exposure of animals of the Smoking Group, the following were observed: lower weight gain; lower water and feed intake; decreased renal weight, diameter, and volume; reduction in cortical thickness and glomerular volume density; decrease in glomerular and capsular diameter; increase in mesangial density; decreased urine volume; increased levels of glucose, serum creatinine and microalbuminuria; decreased urinary creatinine levels and creatinine clearance rate. Conclusion Passive smoking negatively influences renal morphology and glomerular filtration rate, with effects similar to those described in the literature regarding active smoking.


RESUMO Objetivo Analisar se a inalação passiva da fumaça do cigarro proporciona alterações morfológicas, estruturais e funcionais nos rins de ratos. Métodos Ratos Wistar, com oito semanas de idade, pesando, em média, 260g, foram divididos em Grupo Controle e Grupo Tabagista. Cada grupo foi subdividido em quatro grupos de dez animais para análise morfofuncional, em um período de sete e 28 dias. O Grupo Tabagista foi exposto à fumaça de 40 cigarros por dia, em horários determinados e equipamento automatizado de queima de cigarros, denominado smoking machine (SM-MC-01). Após o período de exposição, foram coletadas amostras de urina e sangue para as análises funcionais, e os rins foram dissecados e submetidos a procedimentos histológicos para análises morfoquantitativas. Resultados Após a exposição dos animais do Grupo Tabagista, observou-se menor ganho de peso; menor consumo de água e ração; menor peso, diâmetro e volume renal; redução em espessura cortical e densidade de volume glomerular; diminuição no diâmetro glomerular e capsular; aumento na densidade mesangial; volume urinário diminuído; níveis aumentados de glicose, creatinina sérica e microalbuminúria; níveis reduzidos de creatinina urinária e redução da taxa de depuração da creatinina. Conclusão O tabagismo passivo influencia negativamente na morfologia renal e na taxa de filtração glomerular, com efeitos semelhantes aos descritos na literatura em relação ao tabagismo ativo.


Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Tobacco Smoke Pollution/adverse effects , Smoking/adverse effects , Rats, Wistar , Glomerular Filtration Rate , Kidney
16.
Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras. (1992) ; 67(supl.1): 22-25, 2021.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1287837

ABSTRACT

Despite substantial evidence on the negative effect of active smoking to Covid-19, the impact of passive smoking in the course of disease remains largely unclear. Our aim was to reflect passive smoking as a risk factor in the current pandemic. Studies are needed to increase our knowledge on passive smoking and Covid-19 implications. The reflections current findings strongly support interventions and policies to curb the tobacco epidemic.


Subject(s)
Humans , Tobacco Smoke Pollution/adverse effects , Tobacco Products , COVID-19 , Smoking/adverse effects , SARS-CoV-2
17.
Chinese Journal of School Health ; (12): 58-60, 2021.
Article in Chinese | WPRIM | ID: wpr-862595

ABSTRACT

Objective@#To understand the status of e-cigarette use among junior high school students in Zhengzhou City and its associated factors, and to provide support for tobacco control intervention for junior high school students.@*Methods@#From March to May 2019 in Zhengzhou, a stratified cluster random sampling method was used to investigate 3 624 junior high school students using a self-made e-cigarette questionnaire, including demographic information, attitudes towards e-cigarettes, usage behavior, smoking behaviors of parents and friends.@*Results@#The usage rate of e-cigarettes for junior high school students in Zhengzhou was 5.5%, parents and 51.5% of junior high school students purchased e-cigarettes online, 28.3% purchased them through stores, and 20.2% purchased e-cigarettes through other methods. Regarding the item use of e-cigarettes was harmful to others, the proportion of students with an approved attitude was lower than that with negative attitudes, the difference was statistically significant(χ2=4.33, P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that e-cigarette was difficult to quit, the use of e-cigarettes won t make people feel relaxed, e-cigarette smoke was harmful to others , e-cigarette use did not make young people more attractive were negatively correlated with the use of e-cigarettes by middle school students(OR=0.46, 0.28, 0.57, 0.41, P<0.01).@*Conclusion@#The use of e-cigarettes by junior high school students in Zhengzhou is relatively serious, and multiple measures should be taken to strengthen health education and reduce the use rate of e-cigarettes.

18.
Investig. andin ; 22(41)dic. 2020.
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1550434

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: Describir la prevalencia de consumo de tabaco, alcohol y otras sustancias en su relación con predictores de riesgo para la salud mental, en estudiantes de salud de una universidad pública. Metodología: tipo cuantitativa, descriptiva, transversal. Se seleccionaron 3020 estudiantes de nueve (9) facultades de salud. A través de un muestreo por conglomerados proporcional al número de estudiantes por facultad, se utilizó un cuestionario compuesto de cuatro partes: una con variables sociodemográficas y tres test. Resultados: AUDIT: de los 1726 estudiantes que respondieron la encuesta 80,4 % está en la zona de riesgo I, por lo que se sugiere educación sobre el alcohol; el 0,9 % se ubicó en la zona IV, se aconseja la derivación a especialista. FAGESTRÖM: los que respondieron (n=196), el 88,3 % puntuaron como fumador poco dependiente; el 8,2 % de ellos presentaron riesgo de dependencia. DUSI: en relación con el consumo de sustancias ilícitas, la marihuana tiene el consumo más alto (n=554), el 72,3 % lo hizo de forma experimental; el 8,5 % lo realizó de forma compulsiva. Conclusión: los datos encontrados permitieron ver cifras elevadas de consumo perjudicial, por tal motivo es necesario proponer estrategias de intervención oportunas.


Objective. To describe the prevalence of tobacco, alcohol, and other substances and its relationship with predictors of mental health in health students from a public university. Materials and methods. Quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional. Three thousand twenty students from nine health departments were selected. Cluster sampling is proportional to the number of students per department. A questionnaire of four parts was used: one with sociodemographic variables and three tests. Results. AUDIT: Out of 1726 respondents, 80.4 % were in risk zone I where education on alcohol is suggested and 0.9 % were in zone IV, referral to a specialist; FAGESTRÖM: Of the respondents (n = 196), 88.3 % scored as slightly dependent smokers and 8.2 % had a risk of dependence. DUSI: About the use of controlled substances, marijuana has the highest consumption (n = 554); 72.3 % used it experimentally and 8.5 % did it compulsively. Conclusion. The data revealed high figures of harmful use; therefore, it is necessary to propose timely intervention strategies.

19.
Arq. bras. cardiol ; 114(2): 295-303, Feb. 2020. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1088850

ABSTRACT

Abstract Background: Cigarette smoking is usually associated with hypertension and may modify vasoconstrictor response. Objective: The present study aimed to analyze and compare the interaction of passive cigarette smoking and hypertension on epinephrine and felypressin blood pressure effects after intravascular injection. Method: 45-day male Wistar rats had the main left renal artery partially constricted and the right kidney removed (1K1C model). Rats were placed in the chamber for exposition to passive cigarette smoking (10 cigarettes) during 10 min (6 days a week). Hypertensive rats received atenolol (90 mg/kg/day) by gavage for two weeks. Hypotensive and hypertensive response, response duration and heart rate were recorded from direct blood pressure values. The significance level was 5%. Results: Passive cigarette smoking increased maximal hypertensive response to epinephrine in normotensive and 1K1C-atenolol treated rats and to felypressin only in 1K1C-atenolol treated rats; it also reduced epinephrine hypotensive response. Epinephrine increased heart rate in normotensive and hypertensive passive smokers or non-smoker rats. Comparing the two vasoconstrictors, epinephrine showed greater hypertensive response in normotensive smokers, 1K1C-atenolol treated smokers and non-smokers. However, in normotensive-nonsmoker rats, felypressin showed a greater and longer hypertensive effect. Conclusions: Our results suggest that passive cigarette smoking may reduce epinephrine vasodilation and increase hypertensive response when compared to felypressin. Therefore, felypressin may be safe for hypertensive patients to avoid tachycardia and atenolol interaction, but for normotensive and non-smoker patients, epinephrine may be safer than felypressin.


Resumo Fundamento: O tabagismo geralmente está associado à hipertensão e pode modificar a resposta vasoconstritora. Objetivo: O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar e comparar a interação do tabagismo passivo e hipertensão sobre os efeitos da epinefrina e felipressina na pressão arterial após injeção intravascular. Métodos: Ratos Wistar machos de 45 dias tiveram a artéria renal principal esquerda parcialmente obstruída e o rim direito removido (modelo 1K1C). Os ratos foram colocados na câmara para exposição ao tabagismo passivo (10 cigarros) durante 10 minutos (6 dias por semana). Ratos hipertensos receberam atenolol (90 mg/kg/dia) por gavagem durante duas semanas. A resposta hipotensora e hipertensiva, a duração da resposta e a frequência cardíaca foram registradas a partir da medida dos valores diretos da pressão arterial. O nível de significância foi de 5%. Resultados: O tabagismo passivo aumentou a resposta hipertensiva máxima à epinefrina em ratos normotensos e ratos 1K1C tratados com atenolol e à felipressina apenas em ratos 1K1C tratados com atenolol; também reduziu a resposta hipotensiva à epinefrina. A epinefrina aumentou a frequência cardíaca em ratos fumantes passivos ou não-fumantes, normotensos e hipertensos. Comparando os dois vasoconstritores, a epinefrina apresentou maior resposta hipertensiva em fumantes normotensos, ratos 1K1C fumantes e não fumantes tratados com atenolol. No entanto, em ratos normotensos e não fumantes, a felipressina apresentou um efeito hipertensivo maior e mais prolongado. Conclusões: Nossos resultados sugerem que o tabagismo passivo pode reduzir a vasodilatação da epinefrina e aumentar a resposta hipertensiva quando comparado à felipressina. Portanto, a felipressina pode ser segura para pacientes hipertensos, com o objetivo de evitar a interação entre taquicardia e atenolol, mas para pacientes normotensos e não-fumantes, a epinefrina pode ser mais segura que a felipressina.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Atenolol/pharmacology , Tobacco Smoke Pollution/adverse effects , Blood Pressure/drug effects , Epinephrine/pharmacology , Felypressin/pharmacology , Antihypertensive Agents/pharmacology , Time Factors , Vasoconstrictor Agents/pharmacology , Vasodilation/drug effects , Rats, Wistar , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Drug Interactions , Heart Rate/drug effects , Hypertension/drug therapy , Hypotension
20.
Einstein (Säo Paulo) ; 18: eAO4781, 2020. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1056034

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Objective To estimate the frequency of secondhand smoke exposure among patients with asthma. Methods A cross-sectional study of asthma patients and non-asthmatic controls using questionnaires to identify secondhand smoke exposure at home, school, work, and public places. Results We studied 544 severe asthma patients, 452 mild/moderate asthma patients, and 454 non-asthmatic patients. Among severe patients, the mean age was 51.9 years, 444 (81.6%) were female, 74 (13.6%) were living with a smoker, 383 (71.9%) reported exposure in public spaces and, of the 242 (44.5%) who worked/ studied, 46 (19.1%) reported occupational exposure. Among those with mild/moderate asthma, the mean age was 36.8 years, 351 (77.7%) were female, 50 (11.1%) reported living with a smoker, 381 (84.9%) reported exposure in public settings and, of the 330 (73.0%) who worked/ studied, 58 (17.7%) reported occupational exposure. An association between secondhand smoke exposure and disease control was found among patients with mild/moderate asthma. Among those interviewed, 71% of severe asthma patients and 63% of mild/moderate asthma patients avoided certain places due to fear of secondhand smoke exposure. Conclusion Secondhand smoke exposure is a situation frequently reported by a significant proportion of asthma patients. Individuals with asthma are exposed to this agent, which can hamper disease control, exacerbate symptoms and pose unacceptable limitations to their right to come and go in public settings.


RESUMO Objetivo Estimar a frequência de exposição à fumaça secundária do cigarro entre pacientes com asma. Métodos Estudo transversal, que avaliou pacientes com asma e controles sem asma, por meio de questionários, para identificar a exposição secundária à fumaça do cigarro no ambiente domiciliar, escolar, no trabalho e em ambientes públicos. Resultados Estudamos 544 asmáticos graves, 452 com asma leve/moderada e 454 sem asma. Entre os asmáticos graves, a média de idade foi de 51,9 anos, 444 (81,6%) eram do sexo feminino, 74 (13,6%) tinham fumantes em sua residência, 383 (71,9%) relataram exposição em ambientes públicos e, dos 242 (44,5%) que trabalhavam e/ou estudavam, 46 (19,1%) admitiram exposição ocupacional. Entre asmáticos leves/moderados, a média de idade foi de 36,8 anos, 351 (77,7%) eram do sexo feminino, 50 (11,1%) afirmaram haver tabagistas em sua residência, 381(84,9%) relataram exposição em ambientes públicos e, dos 330 (73,0%) que trabalhavam e/ou estudavam, 58 (17,7%) referiram exposição ocupacional. Encontrou-se associação entre exposição à fumaça secundária do cigarro e controle da doença entre pacientes com asma leve/moderada. Entre os entrevistados, 71% dos pacientes asmáticos graves e 63% daqueles com asma leve/moderada relataram evitar frequentar certos ambientes pelo receio da exposição à fumaça secundária do cigarro − relato mais associado aos pacientes com asma grave. Conclusão A exposição secundária à fumaça do cigarro é uma situação frequente e relatada por uma proporção significativa de asmáticos. Indivíduos com asma encontram-se expostos a este agente, que pode dificultar o controle da doença, exacerbar sintomas e lhes impor limitação inaceitável ao direito de ir e vir em ambientes públicos.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Young Adult , Asthma/epidemiology , Tobacco Smoke Pollution/statistics & numerical data , Quality of Life , Time Factors , Severity of Illness Index , Brazil/epidemiology , Prevalence , Cross-Sectional Studies , Surveys and Questionnaires , Risk Factors , Inhalation Exposure , Middle Aged
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